Fundamental Biology

  He was born in November 1904 in Jaipur Rajasthan. पंचानन माहेश्वरी का Birth राजस्थान के जयपुर शहर में नवंबर 1904 में हुआ था । Panchanan Maheshwari rose to become one of the most distinguished botanist (प्रतिष्ठित वनस्पतिशास्त्री) not only of India but of the entire world. माहेश्वरी साहब केवल भारतवर्ष के ही नहीं बल्कि समस्त विश्व के अत्यंत प्रतिष्ठित और ख्यातिप्राप्त Botanist रहे हैं । He moved to Allahabad for higher education where he obtained his D.Sc. अपने Higher education के लिये वो अलाहाबाद गये और वहा पर उन्होने D.Sc की उपाधी को हासील किया। यहा समझनेवाली बात ये है की *D.sc क्या है ?*  ...  तो D.Sc का full form ... Doctor of Science है । और ये Post-Doctoral Degree है यानी Doctorate करने के बाद दी जानेवाली Degree है। जो Candidate अपनी खुद की Research को Publish करता है उसे D.Sc से सन्मानित किया जाता है ।     During his college days, he was inspired by Dr W. Dudgeon, an American missionary ( धर्म-प्रचारक ) teacher, to develop interest in Botany and especially morphology. क

 STRUCTURE OF TOOTH The human tooth is mainly divided into three regions 1. Crown 2. Neck 3. Root 1.Crown The crown is upper or covers the tooth. Crown is made up of enamel. Enamel is hardest substance of body. Below the enamel dentine is present. Dentine Dentine is made up of hard substance like bone. Dentine make major part of tooth. Pulp cavity Pulp cavity present inside the dentine. It's a jelly like part. It's supply with blood vessels,nerve fiber. 2. Neck It's short portion near the gumline. 3. Root It's surrounded by jaw bone. It holds tooth firmly in jaw bone. 𝩧𝩧ⅰⅰⅰⅰ Types of teeth categorised into Attachment - • Thecodont • Plerodont • Acrodont Sets of teeth - • Monophyodont • Diphyodont Shape of teeth - • Homodont • Heterodont

The process of digestion is accomplished(साध्य) by   mechanical   and   chemical processes . Buccal cavity M echanical processes The buccal cavity performs two major functions, masticationचर्वण of food and facilitationसुलभ of swallowingगिळणे. The teeth and the tongue with the help of saliva masticate and mix up the food thoroughlyपूर्णपणे.  Mucus in saliva helps in lubricating and adheringचिकट the masticated food particles into a bolusअन्नाचा गोल,गोळा. Pharynx & Oesophagus  The bolus is then conveyedपाठवणे, सुपूर्द into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by swallowing or  deglutitionगिळणे .  The bolus further passes down through the oesophagus by successive waves of muscular contractions called  peristalsis .  The  gastro-oesophageal sphincter  controls the passage of food into the stomach. Chemical processes The saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains electrolytes (Na+, K+, CI-, HCO+) and enzymes -  salivary amylase  and  lysozyme .  The chemical process of digestion i

The inflammation of the intestinal tract is the most common ailment रोग due to bacterial or viral infections.  The infections are also caused by the parasites परजीवी of the intestine like tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, pin worm, etc .   Jaundice कावीळ   : The liver is affected, skin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposit of bile pigments.   Vomiting उलटी   : It is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.  This reflex action is controlled by the vomit center in the medulla.  A feeling of nausea precedes पूर्वी मळमळते vomiting .  Diarrhoea हागवण  : The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea.  It reduces the absorption of food .  Constipation बद्धकोष्ठता  : In constipation, the faeces are retained within the colon as the bowel movements occur irregularly. Indigestion अपचन : In this condition, the food is not properly digested leading to a feeling of fullness.  The causes of indigestion are inadequ

 The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Salivary glands • (Secretion of salivary gland is known as saliva) • Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands, the parotid (cheek), the sub-maxillary / sub-mandibular (lower jaw) and the sub-lingual (below the tongue). • These glands situated just outside the buccal cavity secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity. Liver • Liver is the largest gland of the body. • Its weighing about 1.2 to 1.5 kg in an adult human. • It is situated in the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm and has two lobes. • The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of liver. • Hepatic lobules containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords. • Each lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the Glisson's capsule. • The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts. • Bile is stored and concentrated in a th